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Pronomi relativi

Pronomi relativi (relative pronouns) are used to link two sentences that have one element in common. They are never omitted in Italian. In the following example, the two sentences have “il libro” in common and the relative pronoun che is used to create one sentence by replacing the second occurrence of “il libro”:

Ho letto il libro. Ho comprato il libro ieri. 
    → Ho letto il libro che ho comprato ieri.
I read the book. I bought the book yesterday. 
    → I read the book (that) I bought yesterday.

Almost all Italian relative pronouns are invariable: as you can see in the following chart, they can refer to nouns that are either masculine or feminine, singular or plural.

Pronomi relativi invariabili

che (who, whom, that, which) – used after a noun
Ho un amico che vive a Palermo.
I have a friend who lives in Palermo.

La ragazza che ho conosciuto ieri abita a Ferrara. 
The girl whom I met yesterday lives in Ferrara.

Le scarpe che ho comprato la scorsa settimana sono molto comode.
The shoes that I bought last week are very comfortable.
cui (whom, which, that) – used after a preposition
I ragazzi con cui sono uscito sabato sera abitano in un appartamento in centro.
The guys with whom I went out Saturday night live in an apartment downtown.

Questo è il monolocale in cui ho abitato per due anni.
This is the studio apartment where [in which] I lived for two years.
quello che / quel che / ciò che (what, that which)
Fanno sempre quello che vogliono.
They always do what they want.
Elena non dice mai quello che pensa.
Elena never says what she thinks.
Chi (he/him who, she/her who, whoever, whomever, those who, the one/ones who)
Chi è andato alla festa si è divertito.
Those who went to the party had fun.

Puoi invitare chi vuoi.
You can invite whomever you want.

 

CHE

As shown in the examples above, che refers to both persons and things. It can be either the subject or the direct object of the verb in the relative clause. It cannot be used as the object of a preposition.

 

Preposition (a, con, di, in, per) + CUI

The invariable pronoun cui is used after a preposition. It corresponds to whom, which, that. The preposition is always placed before cui, never at the end of the sentence:

Questo è il palazzo in cui abitiamo
This is the building that we live in. 
(This is the building in which we live)

NOTE:

  • In cui or che is used after expressions of time. The English equivalent is when (often omitted):
Ricordi il giorno in cui ci siamo incontrati?
Do you remember the day (when) we met?
  • The expression modo or maniera + in cui means the way in which (but in which is often omitted in English):
Mi piace il modo in cui parla.
I like the way she talks.
  • Per cui is used after expressions of cause such as ragione and motivo (reason). The English equivalent is why or that (often omitted):
Non so il motivo per cui è partita.
I don’t know the reason (why) she left.

 

QUELLO + CHE

Quello che, quel che, ciò che (= that which, what) refers to things:

Faccio quello che posso.    
I do what I can.

Faccio quel (ciò) che posso.   
I do what I can.

 

Tutto quello (quel, ciò) che (= everything that, all that) also refers to things:

Faccio tutto quello che posso.
I do all (everything) I can.

 

Tutti quelli che (= everyone that, all that) may refer to people or things:

Tutti quelli che studiano prendono bei voti.
Everyone who studies gets good grades.

 

CHI

Chi (often found in proverbs, sayings, and generalizations) corresponds to he (him) who, she (her) who, whoever, whomever, those who, the one(s) who. It is used only for people and, unlike other relative pronouns, it does not require an antecedent (a preceding noun). It always takes the singular verb when used as the subject of a relative clause.

Chi non lavora non mangia.
Those who don’t work don’t eat.

Ho dato aiuto a chi lo ha chiesto.
I gave help to whomever asked for it.

 

NOTE: the relative pronoun chi is not to be confused with the interrogative pronoun chi? (who? whom?), which is used in both indirect and indirect questions:

Chi insegna il corso? Vorrei sapere chi lo insegna.
Who teaches the class? I’d like to know who teaches it.

Pronomi relativi variabili

Definite article (il, la, i, le) + CUI

The relative pronoun CUI preceded by an article is used to join two sentences that have an element in common when the element expresses a form of possession. The English equivalent is WHOSE.

David è un mio amico. La sua famiglia vive a Roma. 
→ David, la cui famiglia vive a Roma, è un mio amico.
David is a friend of mine. His family lives in Rome. 
→ David, whose family lives in Rome, is a friend of mine.

NOTE: The article agrees in gender and number with the word after cui

David, il cui padre vive a Roma, è un mio amico.
David, i cui parenti vivono a Roma, è un mio amico. 
David, le cui sorelle vivono a Roma, è un mio amico.

 

Definite article + QUALE (singular) / QUALI (plural)

Il quale, la quale, i quali, le quali can be used instead of che as the subject of a relative clause to avoid ambiguity. The article (masculine, feminine, singular, plural) and the relative pronoun (singular, plural) agree with the noun to which they refer:

Divido l’appartamento con l’amica di Mario la quale (che) lavora con me.
→ in this sentence, Mario’s friend is the one who works with me.

Divido l’appartamento con un’amica di Mario il quale (che) lavora con me
→in this sentence, Mario is the one who works with me.

 

QUALE / QUALI can also be used after a preposition + article instead of cui:

I ragazzi con i quali (con cui) studio italiano sono simpatici.
The kids with whom I study Italian are nice.

L’insegnante della quale ho parlato è italiana.
The instructor I talked about is Italian.

NOTE: the article is combined with most prepositions, e.g., al quale, alla quale, ai quali, alle quali; del quale, della quale, dei quali, delle quali, etc.

 

 

 

 

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