7 References

Iowa Snowstorm Section References:

1. “4 Phases of Disaster Management.” AkitaBox, 19 Apr. 2021, https://home.akitabox.com/blog/4-phases-of-disaster-management/.

2. Iowa Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management: Emergency Management Overview. Iowa Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, https://homelandsecurity.iowa.gov/media/312/download?inline.

3. “Emergency Preparedness Information.” Johnson County, Iowa, https://www.johnsoncountyiowa.gov/emergency-management/emergency-preparedness-information.

4. “State Summary: Iowa.” National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/state-summary/IA.

5. “Winter Weather.” Ready Iowa, https://ready.iowa.gov/winter-weather/.

6. “Winter Storms.” Prep4AgThreats, Iowa State University Center for Food Security and Public Health, https://www.prep4agthreats.org/Natural-Disasters/winter-storms.

7. “Winter Weather Preparedness.” Story County, Iowa, https://www.storycountyiowa.gov/514/Winter-Weather-Preparedness.

8. “Winter Overflow Homeless Shelter.” Linn County, Iowa, https://www.linncountyiowa.gov/1702/Winter-Overflow-Homeless-Shelter.

9. “Winter Weather.” Ready.gov, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, https://www.ready.gov/winter-weather.

10. “Winter Storm Safety.” American Red Cross, https://www.redcross.org/winter-storms.html.

11. Section 5.4.3: Severe Storms. Village of Briarcliff Manor, https://www.briarcliffmanor.gov/DocumentCenter/View/838/Section-543-Severe-Storm-PDF.

12. “Winter Operations.” Iowa Department of Transportation, https://iowadot.gov/maintenance/winter-operations.

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Coronavirus Pandemic Section References:

1. “What Is Pandemic Preparedness and Why Is It Important?” News-Medical.net, 4 Apr. 2022, https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Pandemic-Preparedness-and-Why-is-it-Important.aspx.

2. Wheelock, David C. “COVID-19’s Economic Impact on the World.” Regional Economist, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Third Quarter 2021, https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/third-quarter-2021/covid19s-economic-impact-world.

3. “COVID-19: People with Certain Risk Factors.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Mar. 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/covid/risk-factors/index.html.

4. “COVID Lockdowns Reduced Disease Spread, Study Shows.” UC Riverside School of Business, 7 Mar. 2023, https://business.ucr.edu/news/2023/03/07/covid-lockdowns-reduced-disease-spread#:~:text=The%20lockdowns%20at%20the%20beginning,%2C%202020%2C%20the%20study%20asserts.

5. “4 Phases of Disaster Management.” AkitaBox, 19 Apr. 2021, https://home.akitabox.com/blog/4-phases-of-disaster-management/.
6. Lerner, Andrea M., et al. “Preventing the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 With Masks and Other ‘Low-tech’ Interventions.” JAMA, vol. 324, no. 19, 2020, pp. 1935–1936. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.21946.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “How to Protect Yourself and Others.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 11 May 2023, https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html?utm_source.
8. Pearson, Caroline, et al. “Adapting Health Care Delivery in Response to COVID-19: International Lessons for the United States.” The Commonwealth Fund, 21 Sept. 2021, https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2021/sep/adapting-health-care-delivery-response-covid-19-international-lessons.
9. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Covid-19 Economic Relief. U.S. Department of the Treasury, https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/coronavirus.
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Floods in the U.S. References:

1. “Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned.” National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned/chapter5.html.
2. “Mitigate Flooding.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/mitigate-flooding. Accessed 6 May 2025.
3. “Flood Basics.” NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory, www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/floods/.
4. Lutz, Diana. “Record Missouri Flooding Was Manmade Calamity, Scientist Says.” The Source, 30 Nov. 2020, source.washu.edu/2016/02/record-missouri-flooding-manmade-calamity-scientist-says/.
5. Brooks, G. R. “Aerial Photograph of the 1997 Flood.” Paleofloods in the Red River Basin | Resource Development | Business, Mining, Trade and Job Creation | Province of Manitoba, www.manitoba.ca/iem/geo/pflood/photo1.html.
6. US Department of Commerce, NOAA. “Top Ten Flash Flood Events.” National Weather Service, NOAA’s National Weather Service, 13 Apr. 2015, www.weather.gov/lmk/top10flash#:~:text=Flash%20flooding%20impacted%20southern%20Indiana,rain%20fell%20in%20one%20hour.
7. “Flood FAQ.” NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory, www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/floods/faq/.
8. “Hurricane Categories 1-5 Explained.” BKV Energy, 30 Sept. 2024, bkvenergy.com/blog/hurricane-categories-explained/.=
9. US Department of Commerce, NOAA. “Post Fire Burn Scar – Debris Flow & Flash Flooding.” National Weather Service, NOAA’s National Weather Service, 14 June 2024, www.weather.gov/sew/burnscar.
10. “What Should I Know about Wildfires and Debris Flows?” USGS, www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-should-i-know-about-wildfires-and-debris-flows. 
11. Reid, Kathryn. Oso landslide: A community rallies after deadly landslide. 12 July 2024. WordVision.Org, https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/2014-oso-mudslide-facts-community-rallies-after-deadly-landslide.
12. Avalanchecreative. “Ice Jam & Snowmelt Flooding.” TrapBag, 22 Nov. 2024, trapbag.com/blog/snow-melt-and-ice-jam-flooding-protection/.
13. Coefield, Sarah. “In a Jam: Report Points to ’84 Ice Pileup for St. Clair River Scouring: Great Lakes Echo.” Great Lakes Echo | Environmental News of the Great Lakes Region, 21 Nov. 2024, greatlakesecho.org/2009/06/02/in-a-jam-report-points-to-84-ice-pileup-for-st-clair-river-scouring/.
14. “Levee Basics.” National Levee Database, nld.sec.usace.army.mil/levee-basics/what-is-a-levee/
15. Fahad. “What Is a Dam? Components & Different Types of Dams.” Earth Reminder, 14 Nov. 2021, www.earthreminder.com/different-types-of-dams-and-components/
16. “Nevada and Arizona: Hoover Dam (U.S. National Park Service).” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/articles/nevada-and-arizona-hoover-dam.htm
17. “Tragedy at Teton: 1976 Dam Break Disaster – National Weather Service Heritage”, vlab.noaa.gov/web/nws-heritage/-/tragedy-at-teton-1976-dam-break-disaster.
18. “Flooding in the United States 101: Causes, Trends, and Impacts.” Resources for the Future, www.rff.org/publications/explainers/flooding-in-the-united-states-101-causes-trends-and-impacts/
19. “NFIP’s Pricing Approach.” FEMA.Gov, www.fema.gov/flood-insurance/risk-rating.